复合淋洗剂对土壤中铬的淋洗规律

采用静态实验方法， 考虑研究成本及环保要求， 选用价格低廉且生物可降解的柠檬酸、 酒石酸、 水、 鼠李糖脂、 草酸及富里酸6种淋洗剂， 对高质量比Cr污染土壤进行淋洗修复. 首先考察土壤中不同陈化时间Cr对淋洗效果的影响； 其次筛选淋洗剂并优化淋洗条件； 最后考察多种复配淋洗组合， 确定最佳复配淋洗剂. 结果表明： Cr陈化时间对总Cr去除率的影响较小， 而对Cr（Ⅵ）去除率影响明显； 不同淋洗剂对总Cr和Cr（Ⅵ）淋洗效果不同， 草酸和柠檬酸均可有效去除总Cr和Cr（Ⅵ）； 对总Cr和Cr（Ⅵ）去除最优的淋洗条件是0.5 mol/L草酸或柠檬酸、m(固)∶V(液）=1∶10, 淋洗1次； 在最优淋洗条件下， 对土壤重金属Cr的去除效果较好.     

太阳系外行星的探测——2019年诺贝尔物理学奖成果简析

 James Peebles、Michel Mayor和Didier Queloz 3位科学家分享了2019年诺贝尔物理学奖，以表彰他们对宇宙学和系外行星的发现做出的贡献。介绍了Mayor和Queloz两位诺贝尔物理学奖获得者的学术经历，简述了系外行星领域的发展及现状，解读了太阳系外行星首次发现的科学意义，论述了视向速度法探测系外行星的原理和发展过程，介绍了该领域在中国的研究进展，并对未来进行了展望。     

本科教学中逻辑性课程《纳米材料》的主线设计探索

《纳米材料》课程主要讲解纳米材料的结构与性能之间关系的概念与理论,这种定位决定了纳米材料课应采用逻辑教学法.在这种方法下需找到课程逻辑起点,然后沿着起点设计出一条课程主线,建立课程理论体系,从而合理承接培养方案中的课程群.在《纳米材料》中,纳米结构就是逻辑起点,主线就是"结构与性能"的关系.故该门课程应按"结构和性能"这条主线展开.对现行纳米材料课程内容进行分析,大部分内容均可用主线串联起来.该方法为类似的逻辑性课程教学方法改革以及在课程章节内容之间建立逻辑关联提供借鉴.     

中国西北干旱区过度灌溉绿洲的水分收支特征研究

基于水分收支平衡原理, 观测2012年生长季张掖绿洲的水分收支分量动态特征, 探究灌溉对绿洲水分收支的影响。结果表明: 1) 无降水及灌溉时, 绿洲内40~100 cm深度的土壤含水量高 0~20 cm的土壤, 强降水事件对0~20 cm的土壤含水量影响较大, 而灌溉事件对 0~100 cm的土壤含水量有明显影响; 2) 无降水及灌溉时, 绿洲的日均蒸散发(ET)为2.83 mm/d, 降水事件后3日蒸散发量为降水之前的 1.16倍, 灌溉事件之后2日蒸散速率为灌溉之前的1.88倍, 说明灌溉对绿洲的蒸散发影响更为显著; 3) 绿洲生长季水分收支收入项(降水和灌溉, P+I)中, 灌溉占89.7%, 水分支出项主要为深层渗漏(DP), DP/(P+I)为81%; 4) 2012年生长季绿洲灌溉需水量为213 mm, 实际灌溉量比灌溉需水量多出474 mm, 远远超出所需, 水资源浪费严重。     

The material theory of induction and the epistemology of thought experiments

John D. Norton is responsible for a number of influential views in contemporary philosophy of science. This paper will discuss two of them. The material theory of induction claims that inductive arguments are ultimately justified by their material features, not their formal features. Thus, while a deductive argument can be valid irrespective of the content of the propositions that make up the argument, an inductive argument about, say, apples, will be justified (or not) depending on facts about apples. The argument view of thought experiments claims that thought experiments are arguments, and that they function epistemically however arguments do. These two views have generated a great deal of discussion, although there hasn't been much written about their combination. I argue that despite some interesting harmonies, there is a serious tension between them. I consider several options for easing this tension, before suggesting a set of changes to the argument view that I take to be consistent with Norton's fundamental philosophical commitments, and which retain what seems intuitively correct about the argument view. These changes require that we move away from a unitary epistemology of thought experiments and towards a more pluralist position.     

Edward Gresham’s Astrostereon,or A Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603), the Copernican paradox,and the construction of early modern proto-scientific discourse

This paper investigates the functioning of the ‘Copernican paradox’ (stating that the Sun stands still and the Earth revolves around the Sun) in the late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century England, with particular attention to Edward Gresham's (1565–1613) little-known and hitherto understudied astronomical treatise – Astrostereon, or A Discourse of the Falling of the Planet (1603). The text, which is fully appreciative of the heliocentric system, is analysed within a broader context of the ongoing struggles with the Copernican theory at the turn of the seventeenth century. The article finds that apart from having a purely rhetorical function, the ‘Copernican paradox’ featured in the epistemological debates on how early modern scientific knowledge should be constructed and popularised. The introduction of new scientific claims to sceptical audiences had to be done both through mathematical demonstrations and by referring to the familiar concepts and tools drawn from the inventory of humanist education. As this article shows, Gresham's rhetorical techniques used for the rejection of paradoxicality of heliocentrism are similar to some of the practices which Thomas Digges and William Gilbert employed in order to defend their own findings and assertions.     

考虑超固结比与泊松效应的荷载传递模型

为了分析超固结状态及泊松效应对砂土管桩界面剪切特性的影响，在传统双曲线荷载传递模型的基础上，采用考虑超固结比的侧向土压力系数，计入由泊松效应引起的侧向土压力增加值，建立能同时考虑砂土超固结比及管桩泊松效应的界面荷载传递模型，对其可靠性进行验证。通过算例对极限摩阻力影响因素进行分析，结果表明：超固结比从1.0增大到3.0，抗压桩和抗拔桩极限摩阻力近似呈线性增大，抗压桩提高约83.6%，抗拔桩提高约92.9%；泊松比从0.1增大到0.3，抗压桩极限摩阻力呈线性增大，提高约3.5%；抗拔桩极限摩阻力呈线性减小，降低约3.6%；桩土模量比从300增大到1 500，抗压桩极限摩阻力降低约7.6%；抗拔桩极限摩阻力提高约9.6%。     

基于WRT方法的港口危化品物流风险评估研究

针对港口危化品物流风险管理中风险因素众多和交互影响的复杂性,构建港口危化品物流的WRT风险评估模型.首先基于物理-事理-人理WSR理论构建港口危化品物流风险评估指标框架,其次通过风险过滤和排序RFRM理论对风险因素进行双重过滤,保留关键风险因素.然后基于TSS情景构建理论从物理、事理和人理三个层面构建港口危化品物流的多维风险情景,通过深入剖析各风险情景下风险因素之间的耦合关系,刻画港口危化品物流中的不同风险状态与风险源最后,基于熵权法和贝叶斯理论对我国7个重要港口进行多维情景风险评估,结果表明天津港和南京港整体风险较大,多数情况下二维情景风险大于三维情景风险,同时从多维风险情景下对物理、事理、人理的耦合风险进行分析,展示了各港口的薄弱环节,最后为港口危化品物流风险管理提出建议.     

粉末冶金法制备混杂增强铜基复合材料的增强体竞争析出行为研究

Copper matrix composites reinforced by in situ-formed hybrid titanium boride whiskers (TiB_w) and titanium diboride particles (TiB_2p) were fabricated by powder metallurgy. Microstructural observations showed competitive precipitation behavior between TiB_w and TiB_2p, where the relative contents of the two reinforcements varied with sintering temperature. Based on thermodynamic and kinetic assessments, the precipitation mechanisms of the hybrid reinforcements were discussed, and the formation of both TiB_w and TiB_2p from the local melting zone was thermodynamically favored. The precipitation kinetics were mainly controlled by a solid-state diffusion of B atoms. By forming a compact compound layer, in situ reactions were divided into two stages, where Zener growth and Dybkov growth prevailed, respectively. Accordingly, the competitive precipitation behavior was attributed to the transition of the growth model during the reaction process.